The influence of psychoanalysis and individual psychology in modern education

Abstract

Depth psychology, particularly Freud's psychoanalysis, has played a controversial role in modern education, mainly due to its practical applicability and uncertain results in the educational field. Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious and repressed desires as causes of neurotic behavior, but its technique, based on free association and transference, has limitations in direct interaction with children's behavior. Empirical studies often do not confirm Freudian theories about psychosexual development and personality traits. In contrast, Adler's individual psychology and its pedagogical developments, such as those of Dreikurs, offer a holistic and more practical approach to education, emphasizing “social feeling” and the development of a cooperative lifestyle. Education must therefore avoid extreme, punitive, or permissive attitudes, favoring an environment that stimulates security and social participation, which are fundamental elements in preventing maladjustment and deviant behavior in young people